SURVEYING

Surveying is the art of determining the relative position of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal distances between them and by preparing a map to any suitable scale . Thus , in this discipline , the measurements are taken only in the horizontal plane .
The aim of surveying is to prepare a map to show the relative position of the objects on the surface of the earth . The map is drawn to some suitable scale . It shows the natural features of a country . Such as roads, villages, railways, rivers, etc. Maps are also include details of different engineering works .
Uses of Surveying  :

1. For preparing the contour map to determine the best possible route and amount of earthwork required.

   

   contour map

2. For preparing the engineering map showing engineering details like highways, railways, canals, dams, reservoirs, etc.

   

   engineering map

3. Maps prepared for marking boundaries of countries, states, districts etc., avoid disputes.

   

   boundaries of countries

4. For preparing the topographical map which shows hills, rivers, forests, valleys, etc.

   

   topographical map

5. For planning and estimating project works like roads, bridges, railways, airports, water supply and waste water disposal surveying is required.
6. Marine and hydro-graphic survey helps in planning navigation routes and harbours.

   

   world route map

7. For preparing a military map showing different strategic points important for the defence of a country.

   

   military map

8. Mine surveys are required for exploring mineral wealth.

   

   world mineral map

9. For preparing archaeological map showing the places where ancient relics may have lied.

   

   archaeological map

10. Astronomical survey helps in the study of movements of planets and for calculating local and standard times.

    

    Movement of planets